Tính các tích phân sau :
a) $A = \int\limits \frac{dx}{\sin x}$  ,                   $B = \int\limits \frac{dx}{\cos x}$
b) $C = \int\limits \frac{\sin \sqrt{x} + \cos \sqrt{x} }{\sqrt{x} .\sin 2\sqrt{x} }dx$
a) Đặt $ t = \tan \frac{x}{2} \Rightarrow dt = \frac{1}{2} \left ( 1 + \tan ^2 \frac{x}{2}  \right )dx \Rightarrow dx = \frac{2dt}{1+t^2}$
Vì vậy:
* $A = \int\limits \frac{dx}{\sin x}  =   \int\limits \frac{\frac{2dt}{1+t^2} }{\frac{2t}{1+t^2} }= \int\limits \frac{dt}{t} = \ln |t| + C = \ln \left| {\tan \frac{x}{2} } \right|+ C $
*  $B = \int\limits \frac{dx}{\cos x} = \int\limits \frac{\frac{2dt}{1+t^2} }{\frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2} }= \int\limits \frac{2dt}{1-t^2} = \int\limits \left ( \frac{1}{t+1} - \frac{1}{t-1}   \right )dt$
$= \ln \left| {\frac{t+1}{t-1} } \right| + C = \ln \left| {\frac{\tan \frac{x}{2}+ 1 }{\tan \frac{x}{2}-1 } } \right|+ C = \ln \left| {\tan \left ( \frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4}  \right ) } \right| + C$
( vì    $ \frac{\tan \alpha + \tan \beta}{1 - \tan \alpha \tan \beta } = \tan (\alpha + \beta )).$        
b) Đặt $t=\sqrt{x} \Rightarrow x= t^2 \Rightarrow dx = 2tdt$
Do đó :
$C = \int\limits \frac{(\sin t + \cos t )2tdt}{t.\sin 2t} = 2 \int\limits \frac{\sin t+ \cos t}{\sin 2t}dt = \int\limits \left ( \frac{1}{\sin t} + \frac{1}{\cos t} \right )dt$
$= \ln \left| {\tan \frac{t}{2} } \right|+ \ln \left| {\tan \left ( \frac{t}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4}\right )}\right| + C = \ln \left| {\tan\frac{\sqrt{x}
}{2}. \tan \left ( \frac{\sqrt{x}}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4}\right )} \right| + C$   

Thẻ

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