a)Chứng minh rằng với $k>0:\ln k< \int\limits_{k}^{k+1}\ln xdx <\ln (k+1) $
b)Chứng minh :$(n-1)!<n^n.e^{1-n}<n!(\forall n \in Z^*)$
a)Từ $\forall x \in [k;k+1](k>0) \Rightarrow  k<x<k+1$
$\Rightarrow  \ln k<\ln x<\ln (k+1) \Rightarrow  \ln k \int\limits_{k}^{k+1}dx< \int\limits_{k}^{k+1}\ln xdx<\ln (k+1)\int\limits_{k}^{k+1}dx$ (bất đẳng thức tích phân)
$\Rightarrow  (x.\ln k)|_{k}^{k+1}<\int\limits_{k}^{k+1}\ln xdx<[x\ln (k+1)]_{k}^{k+1}$
$\Rightarrow  \ln k<\int\limits_{k}^{k+1}\ln xdx<\ln (k+1)   (1)  (đpcm)$
b)Trong $(1)$ cho $k$ các giá trị nguyên tăng dần từ $1$ đến $n-1:$
$(1)\Rightarrow \ln 1<\int\limits_{1}^{2}\ln xdx < \ln 2 $
$(1) \Rightarrow  \ln 2<\int\limits_{2}^{3}\ln xdx <\ln 3$
$(1) \Rightarrow  .......<.........<.......)$
$(1) \Rightarrow  \ln(n-1)<\int\limits_{1}^{2}\ln xdx<\ln n $
Lúc đó : $\ln [1.2..(n-1)]<\int\limits_{1}^{n}\ln xdx<\ln (2.3..n) $
$\Rightarrow  \ln [(n-1)!]<\int\limits_{1}^{n}\ln xdx <\ln (n!)     (2)$
Sự dụng phương pháp tích phân từng phần ta được :
$\int\limits_{1}^{n}\ln xdx=x\ln x|^n_1-x|^n_1=n(\ln n)-n+1=\ln (n^n)+\ln \frac{e}{e^n}=\ln (n^n.e^{1-n})     (3)$
Từ $(2),(3) \Rightarrow  \ln (n-1)!<\ln (n^n.e^{1-n})<\ln (n!)$
$\Rightarrow  (n-1)!<n^n.e^{1-n}<n!;\forall n \in Z^*  (đpcm)$

Thẻ

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