Tính tích phân sau theo $n  ( 0\leq  n \in  Z )  : I_n = \int\limits_{0}^{\pi} \sin ^n xdx.$
Trước hết , ta cần xây dựng công thức quy nạp cho $I_n$.
Xét $ I_{n+2} = \int\limits_{0}^{\pi} sin^{n+2} xdx = \int\limits_{0}^{\pi} \sin ^{n+1} x \sin xdx$
Đặt $\begin{cases}u = \sin ^{n+1}x \\dv = \sin xdx \end{cases}    \Rightarrow    \begin{cases}du = (n+1)\sin ^n x \cos xdx \\ v = - \cos x \end{cases} $
Khi đó : $ I_{n+2} = - ( \cos x \sin ^{n+1} x )\left| \begin{array}{l}
\pi \\
0
\end{array} \right. + (n+1)\int\limits_{0}^{\pi}\sin ^n x \cos ^2 xdx$
$= ( n+1) \int\limits_{0}^{\pi}\sin ^n x(1- \sin ^2 x)dx$
$= (n+1) \int\limits_{0}^{\pi} \sin ^n xdx - (n-1) \int\limits_{0}^{\pi} \sin  ^{n+2}xdx$
$= (n+1)I_n - (n+1)_{n+2}     \Rightarrow     I_{n+2} =\frac{n+1}{n+2}I_n$            (1)
Do đó :

* Nếu $n$ chẵn thì :

$I_n =\frac{(n-1)}{n}I_{n-2} = \frac{n-1}{n}.\frac{n-3}{n-2}.I_{n-4} = ...= \frac{n-1}{n}.\frac{n-3}{n-2}...\frac{1}{2} I_0$
$= \frac{(n-1)(n-3)...3.1}{n(n-2)...4.2}\pi =\frac{(n-1)!!}{n!!}\pi$                  (2)

* Nếu $n$ lẻ thì :

$I_n =\frac{n-1}{n}.\frac{n-3}{n-2}I_{n-4} = ... = \frac{n-1}{n}.\frac{n-3}{n-2}...\frac{2}{3}I_1$
$= \frac{(n-1)(n-3)...2}{n(n-2)...3}.2=2\frac{(n-1)!!}{n!!}$                          (3)

Từ các công thức (2) và (3) ta có công thức tổng quát của $I_n$ là :

$I_n = \frac{(n-1)!!}{n!!}[\frac{\pi +2}{2} + (-1)^n \frac{\pi -2}{2}].$

Chú ý: Các kí hiệu sau : $(2n)!! = 2.4.6...(2n) = 2^n.n!$
                                        $(2n+1)!! = 1.3.5...(2n+1)$      

Thẻ

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