Cho hệ:   $ \left\{ \begin{array}{l}
x + y + xy = a\,\,\,\,\,\left( 1 \right)\\
x^2 + y^2 = a\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(2)
\end{array} \right.\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(*) $
1.    Giải hệ (*) khi $a = 5$.
2.    Định mọi giá trị của $a$ để hệ có nghiệm.
Đặt  $ S = x + y;P = xy. $  ta có:
$ \left( 2 \right) \Leftrightarrow {\left( {x + y} \right)^2} - 2xy = a $
Do đó:  $ \begin{array}{l}
(*) \Leftrightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}
S + P = a\\
{S^2} - 2P = a
\end{array} \right.
\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \Rightarrow {S^2} + 2S - 3a = 0\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(3)
\end{array} $
1.    Khi a = 5: $ (3) \Rightarrow {S^2} + 2S - 15 = 0 \Leftrightarrow S = 3;S = 5 $
Với S = 3,p = 2: $  \Rightarrow  $ x và y là nghiệm của phương trình: 
$ {X^2} - 3X + 2 = 0 $   $  \Leftrightarrow x = 1,y = 2;x = 2,y = 1 $
Với S = 5, p = 10: vô nghiệm.
Vậy khi a = 5, hệ có 2 nghiệm:  $ \left( {x,y} \right) = \left( {1,2} \right);\left( {2,1} \right) $
2.    Trường hợp tổng quát: $ {S^2} + 2S - 3a = 0\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(3) $
$ \Delta ' = 1 + 3a $
Với  $ a <  - \frac{1}{3} \Leftrightarrow \Delta ' < 0: $  (3) vô nghiệm.
$  \Rightarrow  $  (*) vô nghiệm.
Với  $ a =  - \frac{1}{3} \Leftrightarrow \Delta ' = 0 $
      $ (3) \Leftrightarrow S =  - 1 \Rightarrow P = \frac{2}{3}: $  vô nghiệm.
Với  $ a >  - \frac{1}{3} \Leftrightarrow \Delta ' > 0 $
$ \begin{array}{l}
(3) \Leftrightarrow S =  - 1 - \sqrt {1 + 3a} \,\,\,\,;\,\,\,\,S =  - 1 + \sqrt {1 + 3a} \\
\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,P = a + 1 + \sqrt {1 + 3a} \,\,\,\,\,;\,\,\,\,P = a + 1 - \sqrt {1 + 3a}
\end{array} $
Điều kiện tồn tại x, y là  $ {S^2} - 4P \ge 0\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(**) $
a.    (**) $  \Rightarrow {\left( { - 1 + \sqrt {1 + 3a} } \right)^2} \ge 4\left( {a + 1 - \sqrt {1 + 3a} } \right) $  $  \Leftrightarrow 2\sqrt {1 + 3a}  \ge a + 2\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(4) $
    Vì  $ a >  - \frac{1}{3} \Rightarrow a + 2 > 0 $  do đó ta có:
  $ \begin{array}{l}
(4) \Leftrightarrow 4\left( {1 + 3a} \right) \ge {a^2} + 4a + 4\\
 \Leftrightarrow {a^2} - 8a \le 0\\
 \Leftrightarrow 0 \le a \le 8\,\,\,\,\,(a)
\end{array} $
b.    Ta có: $ \begin{array}{l}
{\left( { - 1 - \sqrt {1 + 3a} } \right)^2} \ge 4\left( {a + 1 + \sqrt {1 + 3a} } \right)
 \Leftrightarrow a <  - 2:\,\,loai
\end{array} $
Vậy ta phải có:      $ 0 \le a \le 8 $

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