Giải phương trình : ${\log _3}a - {\log _x}a = {\log _{\frac{x}{3}}}a$

Điều kiện : $x > 0,\,x \ne 1,\,x \ne 3$
+)Nếu $a = 1$, phương trình thỏa mãn $\forall x > 0,\,x \ne 1,\,x \ne 3$
+)Nếu $a > 0,\,a \ne 1$:
Chọn $3$ làm cơ số suy ra:
$\log_3a-\frac{\log_3a}{\log_3x}=\frac{\log_3a}{\log_3\frac{x}{3}}$
$\Leftrightarrow (\log_3x-1)(\log_3x-\log_33)=\log_3x    (do  \log_3a\neq0)$
Đặt  $t = {\log _3}x$.
Ta có :
$(t-1)^2=t$
$\Leftrightarrow {t^2} - 3t + 1 = 0$
$\Leftrightarrow t = \frac{{3 \pm \sqrt 5 }}{2} $
$\Leftrightarrow {\log _3}x = \frac{{3 \pm \sqrt 5 }}{2}$
$\Leftrightarrow x = {3^{\frac{{3 \pm \sqrt 5 }}{2}}}.$

Vậy:   
+)Với $a=1 : \forall x>0,x\neq 1,x\neq 3$  là nghiệm phương trình.
+)Với $0 < a \ne 1:\,x = {3^{\frac{{3 \pm \sqrt 5 }}{2}}}$, PT có 2 nghiệm.
+)Với a<0, phương trình vô nghiệm.

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