Giải các phương trình :
$\begin{array}{l}
1) & 2\left( {\log _2^2x} \right) - 3{\log _2}\frac{x}{4} - 11 = 0\\
2) & \log _5^2x + \frac{1}{2}{\log _5}5x - 2 = 0\\
3) & 3{\log _8}\left( {x - 2} \right) = {\log _2}\sqrt {2x - 1} \\
4) & {\log _{\frac{1}{2}}}\left( {1 - \frac{x}{2}} \right) + {\log _2}\sqrt {2 - \frac{x}{4}} =0
\end{array}$
$1)$   
ĐK: $x > 0$
Khi đó PT đã cho tương đương
$2\log_2^2x-3(\log_2x-2)-11=0$
Đặt $t = {\log _2}x$
Ta có : $2t^{2}-3t-5=0$
$\Leftrightarrow (2t-5)(t+1)=0$
$\Leftrightarrow \left[\begin{array}{l} t=\frac{5}{2}\\ t=-1 \end{array} \right.$
$\Leftrightarrow \,\left[ \begin{array}{l}
x = {2^{5/2}} = 4\sqrt 2 \\x = \frac{1}{2}.
\end{array} \right.(TM  x>0)$
Vậy PT đã cho có nghiệm $x=4\sqrt2 \vee x=\frac{1}{2}$

$2)$   
Đk: $x>0$.
Khi đó PT đã cho tương đương
$\log_5^2x+\frac{1}{2}(1+\log_5x)-2=0$
$\Leftrightarrow 2\log_5^2x+\log_5x-3=0$
$\Leftrightarrow (2\log_5x+3)(\log_5x-1)=0$
$\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l} \log_5x=-\frac{3}{2}\\ \log_5x=3 \end{array} \right.$
$\Leftrightarrow \left[  \begin{array}{l} x=5^{-\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{1}{{5\sqrt 5 }}\\ x=5^1=5 \end{array} \right.(TM  x>0)$
Vậy PT đã cho có nghiệm
$\left[ \begin{array}{l}
x = 5\\
x = \frac{1}{{5\sqrt 5 }}
\end{array} \right.$

$3)$   
ĐK: $\left\{ \begin{array}{l} x-2>0\\ 2x-1>0 \end{array} \right.\Rightarrow x>2$
Khi đó PT đã cho tương đương
$3\log_{2^3}(x-2)=\log_2(2x-1)^\frac{1}{2}$
$\log_2(x-2)=\log_2(2x-1)^\frac{1}{2}$
$\Leftrightarrow x-2=\sqrt{2x-1}$
$\Leftrightarrow (x-2)^2=2x-1$
$\Leftrightarrow x^2-6x+5=0\Leftrightarrow \left[\begin{array}{l} x=1\\ x=5 \end{array} \right.$.
Kết hợp với điều kiện thì PT đã cho có nghiệm $x = 5$

$4)$   
ĐK: $\left\{ \begin{array}{l} 1-\frac{x}{2}>0\\ 2-\frac{x}{4} \end{array} \right.\Rightarrow 2>x$
Khi đó PT đã cho tương đương
$-\log_2(1-\frac{x}{2})=-\log_2(2-\frac{x}{4})^\frac{1}{2}$
$\Leftrightarrow 1-\frac{x}{2}=\sqrt{2-\frac{x}{4}}$
$\Leftrightarrow 2-x=\sqrt{8-x}$
$\Leftrightarrow (2-x)^2=8-x$
$\Leftrightarrow x^2-3x-4=0\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l} x=4\\ x=-1 \end{array} \right.$
Kết hợp với điều kiện thì PT đã cho có nghiệm: $x =  - 1$

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