Giải các phương trình :
$\begin{array}{l}
1) & \frac{1}{3}{\log _2}\left( {5 - x} \right) + 2{\log _8}\sqrt {3 - x}  = 1\\
2) & \log \left( {{{10}^{\log \left( {{x^2} - 21} \right)}}} \right) - 2 = \log x - 2\log 5\\
3) & \log 5 + \log \left( {x + 10} \right) = 1 - \log \left( {2x - 1} \right) + \log \left( {21x - 20} \right)
\end{array}$
$1)$   
Điều kiện: $\left\{ \begin{array}{l} 5-x>0\\ 3-x>0 \end{array} \right.\Rightarrow x<3.$
Khi đó chọn cơ số $8$, ta có phương trình đã cho tương đương:
$\log_{2^3}(5-x)+\log_8\sqrt{3-x}^2=1$
$\Leftrightarrow \log_8(5-x)(3-x)=\log_88$
$\Leftrightarrow \log_{8}(5-x)(3-x)=1$
        Suy ra $\left( {5 - x} \right)\left( {3 - x} \right) = 8$
$\Leftrightarrow x^2-8x+7=0\Leftrightarrow \left[\begin{array}{l} x=7\\x=1 \end{array} \right.$
Kết hợp với điều kiện $x<3$ suy ra nghiệm thỏa mãn là x=1.
ĐS : $x = 1$

$2)$   
Điều kiện: $\left\{ \begin{array}{l} x^2-21>0\\ x>0 \end{array} \right.\Rightarrow x>\sqrt{21}.$
Khi đó ta có phương trình đã cho tương đương:
$\log(x^2-21).\log10-\log10^2=\log x-\log5^2$
$\Leftrightarrow \log (x^{2}-21)-2=\log \frac{x}{25}$
$\Leftrightarrow \log\frac{x^{2}-21}{100}=\log\frac{x}{25}$
      Suy ra : $\frac{x^{2}-21}{100}=\frac{x}{25}$
$\Leftrightarrow x^2-4x-21=0\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l} x=-3\\x=7 \end{array} \right.$
Kết hợp với điều kiện $x>\sqrt{21}$ suy ra nghiệm thỏa mãn là x=7.
ĐS : $x = 7$

$3)$   
Điều kiện: $\left\{ \begin{array}{l} x+10>0\\ 2x-1>0\\21x-20>0 \end{array} \right.\Rightarrow x>\frac{20}{21}.$
Khi đó ta có phương trình đã cho tương đương:
$\log 5(x+10)=\log10+\log \frac{(21x-20)}{2x-1}$
$\Leftrightarrow \log 5(x+10)=\log \frac{10(21x-20)}{2x-1}$
$\Leftrightarrow x+10=\frac{2(21x-20)}{2x-1}$
$\Leftrightarrow (x+10)(2x-1)=42x-40$
$\Leftrightarrow 2x^2-23x+30=0$
$\Leftrightarrow (2x-3)(x-10)=0\Rightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l} x=10\\ x=\frac{3}{2} \end{array} \right.$
Kết hợp với điều kiện $x>\frac{20}{21}$ suy ra nghiệm thỏa mãn là $x = 10;\,x = \frac{3}{2}$.

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