a) Chứng minh rằng nếu $C^{P}_{N}=C^{Q}_{N}  $ trong đó $P \leq  N, Q \leq N $ thì
$P=Q$ hoặc $P+Q=N$
b) Giải phương trình: $C^{x+5}_{13+2x}=C^{3x-1}_{13+2x}  $
a) Ta có: $$C^{P}_{N}=\frac{N!}{P!(N-P)!};    C^{Q}_{N}=\frac{N!}{Q!(N-Q)!}    $$$$C^{P}_{N}=C^{Q}_{N}       \Leftrightarrow   P!(N-P)!=Q!(N-Q)!     (1)$$Giả sử $P\neq Q ,  P\neq N-Q$
Nếu $P<Q$  thì $N-P>N-Q$.  Từ $(1)$ suy ra: $\dfrac{(N-P)!}{(N-Q)!}=\dfrac{Q!}{P!}  $
$\Leftrightarrow  (N-P)(N-P-1)...(N-P+1)=Q(Q-1)...(Q+1)             (2)$

Hai vế của $(2)$ đều là tích của $Q-P$ thừa số.

Nếu $P\neq N-Q$  thì  $Q\neq N-P$ do đó hai vế của $(2)$ là$2$ số khác nhau, điều này mâu thuẫn với đẳng thức $(2)$.

Nếu $Q<P$ cũng dẫn đến mâu thuẫn tương tự. Nếu $P=Q$ hoặc $P+Q=N$ thì hiển nhiên $C^{P}_{N}=C^{Q}_{N}$.

b) Áp dụng a)    $C^{x+5}_{13+2x}=C^{3x-1}_{13+2x}  \Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}x +5=3x+1\\x+5+3x-1=13+2x\end{array} \right. \Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}x = 3\\x=\frac{9}{2} (><)\end{array} \right.$
ĐS: $x=3$

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